Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Glycoconjugates are major constituents of mammalian cells that are formed via covalent
conjugation of carbohydrates to other biomolecules like proteins and lipids and often …

S100 is a broad subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) with
structural similarity and functional discrepancy. It is required for inflammation and cellular …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), commonly known as endotoxin, is ubiquitous and the most-
studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern. A component of Gram-negative bacteria …

The development of new ion-activation/dissociation methods continues to be one of the most
active areas of mass spectrometry owing to the broad applications of tandem mass …

Biological membranes are tricky to investigate. They are complex in terms of molecular
composition and structure, functional over a wide range of time scales, and characterized by …

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host
response to infection. Despite serious mortality and morbidity, no sepsis-specific drugs exist …

A growing body of research, especially in recent years, has shown that bacterial
extracellular vesicles (bEVs) are one of the key underlying mechanisms behind the …

Background Extracellular metabolites of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) excreted by gut
microbiota have been reported to play an important role in the regulation of intestinal …

Infectious diseases are worldwide a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Fast and specific
detection of pathogens such as bacteria is needed to combat these diseases. Optimal …