Larvae of some insect species (Coleoptera and Lepidoptera) can consume and biodegrade
synthetic polymers, including polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, and …

The gut is a crucial organ in insect defense against various pathogens and harmful
substances in their environment and diet. Distinct insect gut compartments possess unique …

Plastic waste has been considered a serious global environmental problem for decades.
Despite the high recalcitrance of synthetic plastics, the biodegradation of polyethylene (PE) …

The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the
processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value, further implementation of …

The cystine knot protein Spätzle is a Toll receptor ligand that modulates the intracellular
signaling cascade involved in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated regulation of …

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are core components of innate immunity to protect insects
against microbial infections. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-dependent transcription …

The dimeric cytokine ligand Spätzle (Spz) is responsible for Toll pathway activation and
antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production upon pathogen challenge in Tenebrio molitor. Here …

The inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) kinase (IKK) is the core regulator of the NF-
κB pathway against pathogenic invasion in vertebrates or invertebrates. IKKβ,-ε and-γ have …

Innate immunity is the ultimate line of defense against invading pathogens in insects. Unlike
in the mammalian model, in the insect model, invading pathogens are recognized by …

Incursions of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, into different islands
in the South Pacific have been detected in recent years. It has been suggested that this …