Curative cancer therapy remains a major challenge particularly in cancers displaying
multidrug resistance (MDR). The MDR phenotype is characterized by cross-resistance to a …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the
extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are …

Chemotherapy is the main treatment used for cancer patients failing surgery. Doxorubicin
(DOX) is a well-known chemotherapeutic agent capable of suppressing proliferation in …

Widespread drug resistance has become the key issue in global healthcare. Extensive
efforts have been made to reveal not only diverse diseases experiencing drug resistance …

Drug resistance is a daunting challenge in the treatment of breast cancer (BC). Exosomes,
as intercellular communicative vectors in the tumor microenvironment, play an important role …

Melanoma, the most aggressive form of cutaneous malignancy arising from melanocytes, is
frequently characterized by metastasis. Despite considerable progress in melanoma …

Extracellular vesicles (EV) are lipid-bilayer enclosed vesicles in submicron size that are
released from cells. A variety of molecules, including proteins, DNA fragments, RNAs, lipids …

Recently, a novel technology was published, utilizing the strengths of matrix-assisted laser
desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and immunohistochemistry …

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles with sizes ranging from 30–150 nanometers that
contain proteins, lipids, mRNAs, microRNAs, and double-stranded DNA derived from the …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), the subpopulation of cancer cells, have the capability of
proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. The presence of CSCs is a key factor leading …