Invading pathogens are controlled by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.
Adaptive immunity, which is mediated by B and T lymphocytes, recognises pathogens by …

The biology of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system has been studied extensively in
the mouse. Studies of the pig as an experimental model have commonly been consigned to …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing CpG sequences are recognized as a
“danger” signal by the immune system of mammals. As a consequence, CpG ODN stimulate …

Modern adjuvants should induce strong and balanced immune responses, and it is often
desirable to induce specific types of immunity. As an example, efficient Th1-immunity …

Global warming is a challenge to animal health, because of increased heat stress, with
subsequent induction of immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease. Toll …

In developing veterinary mucosal vaccines and vaccination strategies, mucosal adjuvants
are one of the key players for inducing protective immune responses. Most of the mucosal …

Natural interferon‐producing cells (NIPC), also referred to as immature plasmacytoid
dendritic cells (PDC), constitute a small population of leucocytes secreting high levels of …

Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease
virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies …

Although enveloped viruses typically trigger the prodigious secretion of alpha interferon (IFN-
α) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), porcine pDC remain quiescent when exposed to …

Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides within specific flanking bases (referred to as CpG motif)
are relatively abundant in bacterial DNA and are known to stimulate innate immune …