Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) have a crucial role in protein synthesis, and in recent years, their
therapeutic potential for the treatment of genetic diseases—primarily those associated with a …

Directed evolution is a powerful technique that uses principles of natural evolution to enable
the development of biomolecules with novel functions. However, the slow pace of natural …

Conspectus Protein post-translational modification (PTM) is a major mechanism for
functional diversification of the human genome and plays a crucial role in almost every …

Site‐specific incorporation of multiple distinct noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into
proteins in mammalian cells is a promising technology, where each ncAA must be assigned …

Heterologous tRNAs used for noncanonical amino acid (ncAA) mutagenesis in mammalian
cells typically show poor activity. We recently introduced a virus‐assisted directed evolution …

The ability to engineer adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for targeted transduction of
specific cell types is critically important to fully harness their potential for human gene …

Evolutionary observations have often served as an inspiration for biological design.
Decoding of the central dogma of life at a molecular level and understanding of the cellular …

Ribosome-dependent protein biosynthesis is an essential cellular process mediated by
transfer RNAs (tRNAs). Generally, ribosomally synthesized proteins are limited to the 22 …

Using directed evolution, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) have been engineered to
incorporate numerous noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs). Until now, the selection of such …

The advancement of genetic code expansion (GCE) technology is attributed to the
establishment of specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pairs. While earlier …