Topical medications remain the mainstay of glaucoma treatment. This review will aim to
cover the pharmacokinetics of topically applied drops, the ocular barriers to drug delivery …

Timolol maleate is a non‐selective β‐adrenoceptor antagonist currently used mainly as an
ocular preparation for the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Despite the …

A major goal of pharmacotherapeutics is the attainment of an effective drug concentration at
the intended site of action for a desired length of time. Efficient delivery of a drug while …

Background. To investigate the pharmacological basis of systemic side effects of ophthalmic
timolol, we estimated the systemic bioavailability of 0.5% timolol eyedrops and compared …

PURPOSE: To present an evidence-based review of the systemic adverse effects of beta-
adrenergic blockers and recommend safety guidelines for use of ophthalmic beta …

Purpose: Prescribing topical beta‐blockers for patients with glaucoma, who are also being
treated with systemic beta‐blockers, raises efficacy and safety concerns. This potentially …

Abstract Background Timolol Maleate is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocker that is
commonly used to treat open-angle glaucoma. Despite its topical administration, ophthalmic …

Timolol is a commonly-used topical antiglaucoma medication and has proven to be highly
efficacious for most recipients. Among the reported adverse events, the neuropsychiatric …

Importance Nasolacrimal occlusion (NLO) is effective in reducing systemic absorption of eye
drop medication but it is difficult and often performed poorly. We propose an alternative …

The use of pharmacokinetic principles has become widespread in the pharmaceutical
industry, primarily because of their utility in relating efficacy and toxicity to drug …