Oxygen-free radicals, more generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with
reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both …

In both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the late diabetic complications in nerve, vascular
endothelium, and kidney arise from chronic elevations of glucose and possibly other …

Drought, high salinity and freezing impose osmotic stress on plants. Plants respond to the
stress in part by modulating gene expression, which eventually leads to the restoration of …

Due to the intensive commercial application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), risk
assessment of this nanoparticle is of great importance. Our previous in vitro study …

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen molecules have been typically viewed as the toxic by-
products of metabolism. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that reactive …

In response to DNA damage eukaryotic cells activate cell cycle checkpoints—complex
kinase signaling networks that prevent further progression through the cell cycle. Parallel to …

Atrogin1/MAFbx is an ubiquitin ligase that mediates muscle atrophy in a variety of catabolic
states. We recently found that H 2 O 2 stimulates atrogin1/MAFbx gene expression. Since …

Efferent activity in the vagus nerve can prevent endotoxin-induced shock by attenuating
tumor necrosis factor (TNF) synthesis. Termed the “cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway,” …

The p38 family is a highly evolutionarily conserved group of mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs) that is involved in and helps co-ordinate cellular responses to nearly all …

A significant amount of evidence suggests that the p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) signalling cascade plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and in …