The placenta is a central structure in pregnancy and has pleiotropic functions. This organ
grows incredibly rapidly during this period, acting as a mastermind behind different fetal and …

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects 10–15% of all pregnancies worldwide. IUGR
may result from maternal, placental or fetal origin. Maternal malnutrition before and during …

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most abundant immune cells in the uterine mucosa both
before and during pregnancy. Circumstantial evidence suggests they play important roles in …

Preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disorder, occurs in 3% to 8% of pregnancies in the
United States and affects over 200,000 women and newborns per year. The United States …

Gene–environment interactions begin at conception to influence maternal/placental/fetal
triads, neonates, and children with short-and long-term effects on brain development. Life …

Perinatal brain injuries, including encephalopathy related to fetal growth restriction,
encephalopathy of prematurity, neonatal encephalopathy of the term neonate, and neonatal …

Background Small for gestational age (SGA) is a public health concern since it is associated
with mortality in neonatal and post-neonatal period. Despite the large magnitude of the …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is principally caused by suboptimal placental function. Poor
placental function causes an under supply of nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus …

A large body of evidence suggests that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) impedes
normal neurodevelopment and predisposes the offspring to cognitive and behavioral deficits …

Preterm-born infants frequently suffer from an array of neurological damage, collectively
termed encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP). They also have an increased risk of presenting …