The blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a vital role in maintaining the specialized
microenvironment of the neural tissue. It separates the peripheral circulatory system from the …

Mitochondria are key cell organelles in that they are responsible for energy production and
control many processes from signalling to cell death. The function of the mitochondrial …

Aging, hypertension, diabetes, hypoxia/obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), obesity, vitamin
B12/folate deficiency, depression, and traumatic brain injury synergistically promote diverse …

Vascular dementia (VaD) is the second leading form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease
(AD) plaguing the elderly population. VaD is a progressive disease caused by reduced …

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) describes a wide spectrum of cognitive deficits related
to cerebrovascular diseases. Although the loss of blood flow to cortical regions critically …

As human life expectancy rises, the aged population will increase. Aging is accompanied by
changes in tissue structure, often resulting in functional decline. For example, aging within …

Background: The blood–brain barrier acts as a highly regulated interface; its dysfunction
may exacerbate, and perhaps initiate, neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders …

Alzheimer disease (AD) is marked by profound neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and
cognitive decline. Pathologically, AD is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular …

Vascular dementia (VaD), considered the second most common cause of cognitive
impairment after Alzheimer disease in the elderly, involves the impairment of memory and …

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a characteristic seen in widespread CNS diseases,
including neurodegenerative and mental disorders, and is commonly accompanied by …