Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T
cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the …

Tumor immunotherapy is only effective in a fraction of patients due to a low response rate
and severe side effects, and these challenges of immunotherapy in clinics can be addressed …

During the past 40 years, cytokines and cytokine receptors have been extensively
investigated as either cancer targets or cancer treatments. A strong preclinical rationale …

Monoclonal antibodies constitute a promising class of targeted anticancer agents that
enhance natural immune system functions to suppress cancer cell activity and eliminate …

Interleukins and associated cytokines serve as the means of communication for innate and
adaptive immune cells as well as non-immune cells and tissues. Thus, interleukins have a …

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for
patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells …

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment and rejuvenated the field of tumor
immunology. Several types of immunotherapy, including adoptive cell transfer (ACT) and …

Cancer development is highly associated to the physiological state of the tumor
microenvironment (TME). Despite the existing heterogeneity of tumors from the same or from …

Cytokines are soluble proteins that mediate cell-to-cell communication. Based on the
discovery of the potent anti-tumour activities of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in animal …

Cytokines are important immunotherapeutics with approved drugs for the treatment of
human cancers. However, systemic administration of cytokines often fails to achieve …