Interactions between central glial cells and neurons in the pain circuitry are critical
contributors to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In the central nervous system (CNS), two …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Increasing evidence underlines that prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-
6) either synthesized in the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) by resident …

Proinflammatory cytokines are major mediators in the pathogenesis of diseases of joints
such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This review emphasizes that proinflammatory …

A cardinal feature of inflammation is heightened pain sensitivity at the site of the inflamed
tissue. This results from the local release by immune and injured cells of nociceptor …

Glial activation participates in the mediation of pain including neuropathic pain, due to
release of neuroexcitatory, proinflammatory products. Glial activation is now known to occur …

Studies of the structural organization and functions of the cell body of a neuron (soma) and
its surrounding satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia have led to the realization that …

Intractable neuropathic pain is a frequent consequence of nerve injury or disease. When
peripheral nerves are injured, damaged axons undergo Wallerian degeneration. Schwann …

Trigeminal nerve injury is one of the causes of chronic orofacial pain. Patients suffering from
this condition have a significantly reduced quality of life. The currently available …

Peripheral tissue injury/inflammation can alter the properties of somatic sensory pathways,
resulting in behavioral hypersensitivity and pathological and/or chronic pain, including …