Abstract The sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) plays an important role in spinal pain transmission
by increasing phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN1 subunit …

Background The trigeminal subnuclei interpolaris/caudalis transition zones (Vi/Vc) play an
important role in orofacial deep pain, however, the role of primary afferent projections to the …

Background: Despite decades of intense research efforts, actions of acute opioids are not
fully understood. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to well-documented …

An increasing amount of data show that central inflammation contributes to many debilitating
diseases and produces spontaneous pain and hyperalgesia (an increased sensitivity to …

Both spinal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) contribute to the
development of “mechanical” spinal hyperexcitability in inflammatory pain states. Recently …

Abstract Treatment of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia (RIH) remains a
clinical challenge because the mechanisms are not fully understood. Matrix …

Abstract Chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid, CGA) is a phenolic compound that is found
ubiquitously in plants, fruits and vegetables and is formed via the esterification of caffeic acid …

It is commonly accepted that psychological stress contributes to the development of chronic
orofacial pain. However, the neural mechanism underlying this process has remained …

Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine that plays a key
role in the injuries and diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). A voltage-gated Na+ …

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) composed of coffee acid and quinic acid is an effective ingredient of
many foods and medicines and widely exhibits biological effects. Recently, it is reported to …