The heavy metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are ubiquitous environmental
pollutants and are known to exert severe adverse impacts on the nervous system even at …

Neurodegenerative diseases cause severe impairments in cognitive and motor function.
With an increasing aging population and the onset of these diseases between 50 and 70 …

Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular
neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors …

Overproduced reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (RONS) in the brain are
involved in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease …

Genetic, developmental, biochemical, and environmental variables interact intricately to
produce sex differences. The significance of sex differences in cancer susceptibility is being …

Contamination with current-use pesticides is frequently mentioned as a key factor in global
amphibian declines although a limited number of studies have examined the mixture of …

Compared to other organs, the brain is especially exposed to oxidative stress. In general,
brains from young females tend to present lower oxidative damage in comparison to their …

Ovariectomy (OVX) conducted before the onset of natural menopause is considered to
bringing forward and accelerate the process of ageing-associated neurodegeneration …

Advanced age at the time of spinal cord injury (SCI) exacerbates damage from reactive
oxygen species (ROS). Mechanisms underlying this age-dependent response are not well …

Endocrine, nervous, and immune systems work coordinately to maintain the global
homeostasis of the organism. They show sex differences in their functions that, in turn …