Cadmium (Cd) is an unessential trace element in plants that is ubiquitous in the
environment. Anthropogenic activities such as disposal of urban refuse, smelting, mining …

Heavy metal (HM) toxicity has become a global concern in recent years and is imposing a
severe threat to the environment and human health. In the case of plants, a higher …

Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for human, animals and plants, although it is also
potentially toxic above supra-optimal levels. In plants, Cu is an essential cofactor of …

Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal that is heavily discharged into the soil environment
due to its widespread use and mining. High Cr levels may pose toxic hazards to plants …

Soil contamination with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is an increasing environmental
problem, posing serious threats to the living organisms. Phytoremediation is a sustainable …

Exposure to a variety of environmental factors such as salinity, drought, metal toxicity,
extreme temperature, air pollutants, ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation, pesticides, and pathogen …

Zinc (Zn) plays an important role in the physiology and biochemistry of plants due to its
established essentiality and toxicity for living beings at certain Zn concentration ie, deficient …

Environmental contamination with arsenic (As) is a global environmental, agricultural and
health issue due to the highly toxic and carcinogenic nature of As. Exposure of plants to As …

Chromium (Cr) is a potentially toxic heavy metal which does not have any essential
metabolic function in plants. Various past and recent studies highlight the biogeochemistry …

Soil contamination with persistent and potentially (eco) toxic heavy metal (loid) s is
ubiquitous around the globe. Concentration of these heavy metal (loid) s in soil has …