Numerous pharmaceutical drugs have been repurposed for use as treatments for COVID-19
disease. These drugs have not consistently demonstrated high efficacy in preventing or …

Melatonin is synthesized in the pineal gland at night. Since melatonin is produced in the
mitochondria of all other cells in a non-circadian manner, the amount synthesized by the …

Chronic arsenic (As) exposure, mainly as a result of drinking contaminated water, is
associated with cardiovascular diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress …

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is common inflammatory dermatosis, typically with chronic and
recurrent course, which significantly reduces the quality of life. Sleep disturbances are …

Metal ion homeostasis is an essential physiological mechanism necessary for achieving an
adequate balance of these ions' concentrations in the different cellular compartments. This …

Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by the loss of
dopaminergic (DA) neurons. The pathogenesis of PD is associated with several factors …

Melatonin and several of its metabolites are interfering with reactive nitrogen. With the notion
of prevailing melatonin formation in tissues that exceeds by far the quantities in blood …

Oxidative stress is considered pivotal in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Oxidants modulate
heat shock proteins (Hsp), interleukins (IL), and cell death pathways, including apoptosis …

Sarcopenia is a systemic skeletal muscle disease characterized by a decline in skeletal
muscle mass and function. Originally defined as an age‐associated condition, sarcopenia …

The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily concern the respiratory tract
and lungs; however, studies have shown that all organs are susceptible to infection by …