This review provides an overview of the clinical issue of poorly controlled postoperative pain
and therapeutic approaches that may help to address this common unresolved health-care …

G protein-biased agonists of the μ-opioid receptor (MOPr) have been proposed as an
improved class of opioid analgesics. Recent studies have been unable to reproduce the …

G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the
physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from …

Opiates are among the oldest medications available to manage a number of medical
problems. Although pain is the current focus, early use initially focused upon the treatment of …

A great deal of experimental evidence suggests that ligands can stabilize different receptor
active states that go on to interact with cellular signaling proteins to form a range of different …

The NOP receptor (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide receptor) is the most recently
discovered member of the opioid receptor family and, together with its endogenous ligand …

In ligand bias different agonist drugs are thought to produce distinct signaling outputs when
activating the same receptor. If these signaling outputs mediate therapeutic versus adverse …

Abstract Seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs; also known as G protein-coupled
receptors) are the largest class of receptors in the human genome and are common targets …

G protein coupled receptors have historically been one of the most druggable classes of
cellular proteins. The members of this large receptor gene family couple to primary effectors …

Members of the seven-transmembrane receptor (7TMR), or G protein-coupled receptor
(GPCR), superfamily represent some of the most successful targets of modern drug therapy …