At vital moments in professional soccer matches, penalties were often missed. Psychological
factors, such as anxiety and pressure, are among the critical causes of the mistakes …

Music provides a reward that can enhance learning and motivation in humans. While music
is often combined with exercise to improve performance and upregulate mood, the …

The ventral striatum (VSt) is thought to be involved in the vigor of motivated behavior and is
suggested to be a limbic-motor interface between limbic areas involved in motivational …

Abstract Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) is thought to exacerbate Parkinson's disease (PD)
in the elderly, and early detection of PD progression may prevent further irreversible …

The basal ganglia and pontocerebellar systems regulate somesthetic-guided motor
behaviors and receive prominent inputs from sensorimotor cortex. In addition, the claustrum …

Research in primates and rodents ascribes the striatum a critical role in integrating
elementary movements into unitary action sequences through reinforcement-based …

The stop-signal task is a well-established assessment of response inhibition, and in
humans, proficiency is linked to dorsal striatum D2 receptor availability. Parkinson's disease …

Introduction Behaviors often involve a sequence of events, and learning and reproducing it
is essential for sequential memory. Brain loop structures refer to loop-shaped inter-regional …

Emotions are time-varying internal states that promote survival in the face of dynamic
environments and shifting homeostatic needs. Research in non-human organisms has …

Back in 2004, in a chapter titled “Brain Evolution and the Meaning of Catatonia”, a case was
made that the syndrome's core meaning is embedded in millions of years of vertebrate brain …