Oxidative stress occurs through an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms of cells. The eye is particularly …

Optic nerve disorders encompass a wide spectrum of conditions characterized by the loss of
retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and subsequent degeneration of the optic nerve. The etiology …

Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a disease associated with a mitochondrial DNA
mutation, is characterized by blindness due to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) …

The retina is an exquisite target for defects of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)
associated with mitochondrial impairment. Retinal involvement occurs in two ways, retinal …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of mortality worldwide. As a type of
CVDs, myocardial infarction (MI) induces ischemia hypoxia, which leads to excessive …

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex condition
arising in susceptible people, predominantly following viral infection, but also other stressful …

Summary Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10), a lipophilic substituted benzoquinone, is present in
animal and plant cells. It is endogenously synthetized in every cell and involved in a variety …

Mounting research has been performed and published on natural antioxidants, more so than
on synthetic ones, as key molecules that control oxidative damage and its pathway to …

Mitochondria, widely known as the energy factories of eukaryotic cells, have a myriad of vital
functions across diverse cellular processes. Dysfunctions within mitochondria serve as …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor
symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD …