RAS proteins are binary switches, cycling between ON and OFF states during signal
transduction. These switches are normally tightly controlled, but in RAS-related diseases …

RAS genes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene
family in human cancer. With the highest RAS mutation frequencies seen with the top three …

Despite more than three decades of intensive effort, no effective pharmacological inhibitors
of the RAS oncoproteins have reached the clinic, prompting the widely held perception that …

KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer. In addition to holding this
distinction, unsuccessful attempts to target this protein have led to the characterization of …

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are crucial coordinators of intracellular
signalling in response to extracellular stimuli. Hyperactivation of PI3K signalling cascades is …

Despite development of novel agents targeting oncogenic pathways, matching targeted
therapies to the genetic status of individual tumors is proving to be a daunting task for …

Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in various human cancers and
has been considered a promising therapeutic target. Many of the positive regulators of the …

Anticancer targeted therapies are designed to exploit a particular vulnerability in the tumor,
which in most cases results from its dependence on an oncogene and/or loss of a tumor …

Treatment for non-small-cell lung cancer is evolving from the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy
to personalised treatment based on molecular alterations. This past decade has witnessed …

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is almost universally fatal. The annual number of
deaths equals the number of newly diagnosed cases, despite maximal treatment. The …