Bottom-up effects are major ecological forces in crop–arthropod pest–natural enemy
multitrophic interactions. Over the past two decades, bottom-up effects have been …

Nectar, the main floral reward for pollinators, varies greatly in composition and
concentration. The assumption that nectar quality is equivalent to its sugar (energy) …

The mutualism between plants and their pollinators provides globally important ecosystem
services, but it is likely to be disrupted by global warming that can cause mismatches …

Ecological networks have a long history in ecology, and a recent increase in network
analyses across environmental gradients has revealed important changes in their structure …

Mutualisms structure ecosystems and mediate their functioning. They also enhance
invasions of many alien species. Invasions disrupt native mutualisms, often leading to …

Pollination is an essential process in the sexual reproduction of seed plants and a key
ecosystem service to human welfare. Animal pollinators decline as a consequence of five …

Plant–pollinator interactions are affected by global change, with largely negative impacts on
pollination and plant reproduction. Urban areas provide a unique and productive study …

Background Floral nectar is an important determinant of plant–pollinator interactions and an
integral component of pollination syndromes, suggesting it is under pollinator-mediated …

We review the evidence of how organisms and populations are currently responding to
climate change through phenotypic plasticity, genotypic evolution, changes in distribution …

Elevated CO2 and temperature are altering the interactions between plants and insects with
important implications for food security and natural ecosystems. Ecologically, the …