The Leishmania parasite is a widespread disease threat in tropical areas, causing
symptoms ranging from skin lesions to death. Leishmania parasites typically invade …

Leishmania parasites are able to secure their survival and propagation within their host by
altering signalling pathways involved in the ability of macrophages to kill pathogens or to …

The failure of Leishmania, an intracellular pathogen, to stimulate a pro-inflammatory
response following entry into macrophages has been well reported. This occurs in spite of …

CD40, a costimulatory molecule expressed on macrophages, induces expression of
interleukin 12 (IL-12) in uninfected macrophages and IL-10 in macrophages infected with …

The protozoa Leishmania spp. are obligate intracellular parasites that inhabit the
macrophages of their host. Since macrophages are specialized for the identification and …

Two different Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to play a role in host responses to
Leishmania infection. TLR-2 is involved in parasite survival in macrophages upon activation …

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a key cytokine produced by a multitude of immune effector cells and
possesses distinct regulatory effects on immune functioning in the skin. In this article we …

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes significant mortality and there is no effective vaccine.
Previously, we have shown that genetically modified Leishmania donovani parasites, here …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded, non-clonal innate immune receptors,
which are often the first receptors to recognize the molecular patterns on pathogens …

The protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. exists as extracellular promastigotes in its vector
whereas it resides and replicates as amastigotes within the macrophages of its mammalian …