Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Background: Thyroid hormones (THs) exert a strong influence on mammalian lipid
metabolism at the systemic and hepatic levels by virtue of their roles in regulating circulating …

Background: A number of recent advances in our understanding of thyroid physiology may
shed light on why some patients feel unwell while taking levothyroxine monotherapy. The …

Although levothyroxine is one of the most prescribed medications in the world, its
bioavailability has been reported to be impaired by many factors, including interfering drugs …

Summary Triiodothyronine (T3), the active form of thyroid hormone is produced
predominantly outside the thyroid parenchyma secondary to peripheral tissue deiodination …

The coordinated expression and activity of the iodothyronine deiodinases regulate thyroid
hormone levels in hypothyroidism. Once heralded as the pathway underpinning adequate …

The current treatment for patients with hypothyroidism is levothyroxine (L-T4) along with
normalization of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). However, normalization of serum …

Levothyroxine (LT4) is a form of thyroid hormone used to treat hypothyroidism. In the brain,
T4 is converted to the active form T3 by type 2 deiodinase (D2). Thus, it is intriguing that …

Regulation of body temperature critically depends on thyroid hormone (TH). Recent studies
revealed that TH induces browning of white adipose tissue, possibly contributing to the …

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous toxic metal and environmental pollutant. Increasing studies
have shown that Cd exposure increases the incidence of various endocrine system …