The course of pupillary constriction and dilation provides an easy-to-access, inexpensive,
and noninvasive readout of brain activity. We propose a new taxonomy of factors affecting …

The locus coeruleus (LC), or 'blue spot', is a small nucleus located deep in the brainstem
that provides the far-reaching noradrenergic neurotransmitter system of the brain. This …

Behavioral activities that require control over automatic routines typically feel effortful and
result in cognitive fatigue. Beyond subjective report, cognitive fatigue has been conceived as …

Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

The rapid and coordinated propagation of neural activity across the brain provides the
foundation for complex behavior and cognition. Technical advances across neuroscience …

The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

Given its non-invasive nature, there is increasing interest in the use of transcutaneous vagus
nerve stimulation (tVNS) across basic, translational and clinical research …

Pupillometry research has experienced an enormous revival in the last two decades. Here
we briefly review the surge of recent studies on task-evoked pupil dilation in the context of …

Our subjective visual experiences involve complex interaction between our eyes, our brain,
and the surrounding world. It gives us the sense of sight, color, stereopsis, distance, pattern …

Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the
pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and …