Introduction Estrogens used in women's healthcare have been associated with increased
risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and breast cancer. Estetrol (E4), an estrogen …

Estetrol (E4) is a natural estrogenic steroid that is normally produced by human fetal liver.
Recent research has demonstrated that it is a potent, orally bioavailable, natural selective …

Estetrol/drospirenone is a combined oral contraceptive (COC) with a plant-synthesised
foetal oestrogen (estetrol) and a well-established progestin (drospirenone). In preclinical …

Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) have been used as effective and popular forms of
contraception since the middle of the last century. By 2019, over 150 million reproductive …

According to consistent epidemiological data, the slope of the incidence curve of
endometriosis rises rapidly and sharply around the age of 25 years. The delay in diagnosis …

Estetrol (E4) is the most recently described natural estrogen. It is produced by the human
fetal liver during pregnancy and its physiological function remains unclear. E4 is the …

Objectives: To evaluate tolerability and safety of estetrol (E4) 15 mg/drospirenone (DRSP) 3
mg oral contraceptive using pooled data from two, multicenter, phase 3 trials. Study design …

The spironolactone derivative drospirenone is combined with ethinylestradiol or estetrol in
combined oral contraceptives. Formulations with 17-β-estradiol are used to treat climacteric …

Purpose Despite considerable advances in recently developed combined oral
contraceptives (COCs), resulting in lower rates of adverse events while maintaining …

Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal, metabolic, and
reproductive disorder with a heterogeneous phenotype. As the exact etiology of PCOS is still …