Phytoplankton are the base of the Antarctic food web, sustain the wealth and diversity of life
for which Antarctica is renowned, and play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles that …

The Arctic is warming more rapidly than other region on the planet, and the northern Barents
Sea, including the Svalbard Archipelago, is experiencing the fastest temperature increases …

Several recent climate impact assessments on polar regions have been undertaken,
including the synthesis report on Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (AMAP …

The climate of the western shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) is undergoing a transition
from a cold-dry polar-type climate to a warm-humid sub-Antarctic–type climate. Using three …

Extreme impacts can result from extreme weather and climate events, but can also occur
without extreme events. This chapter examines two broad categories of impacts on human …

Coastal marine habitats at the interface of land and sea are subject to threats from human
activities in both realms. Researchers have attempted to quantify how these various threats …

Animals living in the Southern Ocean have evolved in a singular environment. It shares
many of its attributes with the high Arctic, namely low, stable temperatures, the pervading …

The ocean has been shielding the earth from the worst effects of rapid climate change by
absorbing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This absorption of CO 2 is driving …

Although Antarctic sea ice is undergoing a slight increase in overall extent, major regional
changes are occurring in its spatio-temporal characteristics (most notably in sea ice …

A quantitative assessment of observed and projected environmental changes in the
Southern Ocean (SO) with a potential impact on the marine ecosystem shows:(i) large …