Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

The combination of 2D materials and optical biosensors has become a hot research topic in
recent years. Graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXenes, and …

Dopamine (DA) plays multiple roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological
processes via a large network of dopaminergic projections. To dissect the spatiotemporal …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Genetically encoded indicators engineered from G-protein-coupled receptors are important
tools that enable high-resolution in vivo neuromodulator imaging. Here, we introduce a …

The actions of neuromodulation are thought to mediate the ability of the mammalian brain to
dynamically adjust its functional state in response to changes in the environment. Altered …

Orexins (also called hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that carry out essential
functions in the central nervous system; however, little is known about their release and …

Oxytocin (OT), a peptide hormone and neuromodulator, is involved in diverse physiological
and pathophysiological processes in the central nervous system and the periphery …

Dopamine neurons are characterized by their response to unexpected rewards, but they
also fire during movement and aversive stimuli. Dopamine neuron diversity has been …

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are retrograde neuromodulators with important functions in a
wide range of physiological processes, but their in vivo dynamics remain largely …