Calcium (Ca2+) functions as a second messenger that is critical in regulating fundamental
physiological functions such as cell growth/development, cell survival, neuronal …

Most vaccines require multiple doses to induce long-lasting protective immunity in a high
frequency of vaccines, and to ensure strong both individual and herd immunity. Repetitive …

Long recognized as an evolutionarily ancient cell type involved in tissue homeostasis and
immune defense against pathogens, macrophages are being rediscovered as regulators of …

The functions of Nr4a1-dependent Ly6C low monocytes remain enigmatic. We show that
they are enriched within capillaries and scavenge microparticles from their lumenal side in a …

This review will briefly outline the major signaling pathways in PMA-activated neutrophils.
PMA is widely used to understand neutrophil pathways and formation of NETs. PMA …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of professional antigen-presenting
cells. Several murine DC subsets have been identified that differ in their phenotype and …

The lung is highly exposed to the external environment. For this reason, the lung needs to
handle a number of potential threats present in inhaled air such as viruses or bacteria …

Memory CD8+ T cells induced upon immunization exhibit improved functional features that
contribute to protection of immunized hosts. Although both cognate antigen recognition and …

Macrophages are innate immune cells with evolutionarily conserved functions in tissue
maintenance and host defense. As such, macrophages are among the first hematopoietic …

IL-34 is a recently identified cytokine that signals via the M-CSF receptor and promotes
monocyte survival. Depending on the environment, monocytes can differentiate into …