Purpose. The concept of bias and its effects on study results are reviewed. Summary.
Understanding bias is paramount for the conduct of sound research studies. In the context of …

Objective To evaluate resting heart rate as an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in
women. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting The Women's Health Initiative was …

Drawing causal inferences from observational studies (OS) requires unverifiable validity
assumptions; however, one can falsify those assumptions by benchmarking the OS with …

Background: Despite experimental observations suggesting that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
coenzyme A inhibitors (statins) have antitumor activity, clinical studies have reached mixed …

Conclusions from randomized controlled trial (RCT) data over the past 10 years has
spanned from presumed harm to consistency with observational data that hormone …

Importance Little is known about the comparative cardiovascular safety of oral hormone
therapy products, which impedes women from making informed safety decisions about …

Background Current methods for assessing strength of evidence prioritize the contributions
of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The objective of this study was to characterize …

The increased use of non-inferiority analysis has been accompanied by a proliferation of
research on the design and analysis of non-inferiority studies. Using examples from real …

Objective Research comparing hormone therapy (HT) doses, regimens, and routes of
delivery in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes has been limited. This study …

This textbook was originally created from a disparate collection of materials used to teach
Epidemiology and Biostatistics to second-year medical students at the University of …