Tissue/organ shortage is a major medical challenge due to donor scarcity and patient
immune rejections. Furthermore, it is difficult to predict or mimic the human disease condition …

Escalating cases of organ shortage and donor scarcity worldwide are alarming reminders of
the need for alternatives to allograft tissues. Within the last three decades, research efforts in …

Advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing have increased feasibility towards the
synthesis of living tissues. Known as 3D bioprinting, this technology involves the precise …

Bioprinting offers a highly-automated and advanced manufacturing platform that facilitates
the deposition of bio-inks (living cells, biomaterials and growth factors) in a scalable and …

The concept of 4D printing is its formation of complex three-dimensional structures that have
the ability to adopt different shapes and forms when subjected to different environmental …

Bioprinting technologies have been advancing at the convergence of automation,
digitalization, and new tissue engineering (TE) approaches. In situ bioprinting may be …

Bioprinting is a relatively new and promising tissue engineering approach to solve the
problem of donor shortage for organ transplantation. It is a highly-advanced biofabrication …

Three-dimensional (3D) printing and 3D bioprinting are promising technologies for a broad
range of healthcare applications from frontier regenerative medicine and tissue engineering …

Abstract 4D printing is the next step on from 3D printing involving the fourth dimension of
'time'. The programmed 4D-printed objects are capable of changing their shape in response …

Decellularization aims to remove cells from tissue ultrastructure while preserving the
mechanical and biological properties, which makes the decellularized extracellular matrix …