Cancer cells undergo metabolic alterations to meet the immense demand for energy,
building blocks, and redox potential. Tumors show glucose-avid and lactate-secreting …

For decades, lactic acid has been considered a dead-end product of glycolysis. Research in
the last 20+ years has shown otherwise. Through its transporters (MCTs) and receptor …

The pH of solid tumors is acidic due to increased fermentative metabolism and poor
perfusion. It has been hypothesized that acid pH promotes local invasive growth and …

For years, it has been held that cathepsin D (CD) is involved in rather non-specific protein
degradation in a strongly acidic milieu of lysosomes. Studies with CD knock-out mice …

The four major classes of protease enzymes1-4 (aspartic, serine, cysteine, and metallo)
selectively catalyze the hydrolysis of polypeptide bonds. Their control over protein synthesis …

Investigators have been studying the expression and activity of proteases in the final steps of
tumor progression, invasion and metastasis, for the past 30 years. Recent studies, however …

Factor analysis decomposes single-cell gene expression data into a minimal set of gene
programs that correspond to processes executed by cells in a sample. However, matrix …

▪ Abstract Prolactin (PRL) is a paradoxical hormone. Historically known as the pituitary
hormone of lactation, it has had attributed to it more than 300 separate actions, which can be …

The lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D) is over-expressed and hyper-secreted
by epithelial breast cancer cells. This protease is an independent marker of poor prognosis …

The single biggest challenge facing in vivo imaging techniques is to develop biocompatible
molecular beacons that are capable of specifically and accurately measuring in vivo targets …