Objectives To provide a comprehensive and objective summary of contraceptive failure rates
for a variety of methods based on a systematic review of the literature. Methods Medline and …

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) on skeletal
health, soft tissue injury, and performance in female athletes. METHODS: A literature review …

Natural estrogens such as estradiol (E2) or its valerate ester (E2V) offer an alternative to
ethinyl estradiol (EE). E2-containing combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have …

Continuing improvements in the performance of female endurance runners and increasing
levels of participation have generated the need to know more about the physiology of this …

BACKGROUND: Attempts to improve the tolerability of combined oral contraceptives (COCs)
have included the substitution of ethinylestradiol (EE) with 17β-estradiol (E2). However, this …

Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a combined oral contraceptive (OC)
containing oestradiol valerate/dienogest (E2V/DNG) administered according to a four-phasic …

Previous attempts to replace ethinylestradiol (EE) with 17β-estradiol (E2) in combined oral
contraceptives (COCs) have proved unsatisfactory in terms of bleeding outcomes. A review …

In this open label, randomized study we compared the influence of a dose-reduced oral
contraceptive containing 20 μg ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 100 μg levonorgestrel (20 EE) with …

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact on lipid and carbohydrate variables of a combined
one-third ethinyl estradiol (EE)/levonorgestrel (LNG) dose reduction in oral contraceptives …

The aim of this study was to compare contraceptive reliability, cycle control, and tolerance of
an oral contraceptive containing 20 μg ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 75 μg gestodene (GSD) …