Over the past decades evidence has accumulated clearly demonstrating a pivotal role for
the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and its neurotransmitters in regulating inflammation …

Cannabinoids might be a suitable treatment for RA, but it is important to target the right
receptors in the right place. For clinical studies, we propose a combination of a CB 2 agonist …

Noradrenaline (NE), the main neurotransmitter released by sympathetic nerve terminals, is
known to modulate the immune response. However, the role of the sympathetic nervous …

Chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by activation of the
sympathetic nervous system, which can support the immune system to perpetuate …

Background Neuroendocrine immunology in musculoskeletal diseases is an emerging
scientific field. It deals with the aspects of efferent neuronal and neurohormonal bearing on …

Objectives Studies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA) and mice with arthritis
demonstrated tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) cells in arthritic synovium and parallel …

Joints are densely innervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers. These fibers
control the blood flow in the joint and vascular permeability, either directly or indirectly, in …

Background Catecholamines are major neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system
(SNS) and they are of pivotal importance in regulating numerous physiological and …

The nervous and immune systems are likely to be interacting in arthritis, with the possible
involvement of both neural and non-neural cholinergic transmission. Centrally acting …

Background Norepinephrine (NE), a neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic nerves,
has been shown to be involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its role in the …