Interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) products take on a number of diverse roles. Collectively,
they are highly effective at resisting and controlling pathogens. In this review, we begin by …

In a mature, infectious HIV-1 virion, the viral genome is housed within a conical capsid core
made from the viral capsid (CA) protein. The CA protein and the structure into which it …

HIV-1 capsid core disassembly (uncoating) must occur before integration of viral genomic
DNA into the host chromosomes, yet remarkably, the timing and cellular location of …

The superfamily of tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins is conserved throughout the
metazoan kingdom and has expanded rapidly during vertebrate evolution; there are now …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

Mammalian cells express a variety of innate immune proteins—known as restriction factors—
which defend against invading retroviruses such as HIV-1. Two members of the tripartite …

Retroviral replication involves the formation of a DNA provirus integrated into the host
genome. Through this process, retroviruses can colonize the germ line to form endogenous …

The RNA genome of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is enclosed by a capsid
shell that dissociates within the cell in a multistep process known as uncoating, which …

After fusion, HIV delivers its conical capsid into the cytoplasm. To release the contained
reverse-transcribing viral genome, the capsid must disassemble in a process termed …

TRIM5α proteins are restriction factors that protect mammalian cells from retroviral infections
by binding incoming viral capsids, accelerating their dissociation, and preventing reverse …