Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

Treating major depression is a medical need that remains unmet by monoaminergic
therapeutic strategies that commonly fail to achieve symptom remission. A breakthrough in …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture of (S)-ketamine and (R)-ketamine enantiomers, has been used
as an anesthetic, analgesic and more recently, as an antidepressant. However, ketamine …

Objective: In addition to N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism, ketamine produces
opioid system activation. The objective of this study was to determine whether opioid …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of suicide in the world. Monoamine-
based antidepressant drugs are a primary line of treatment for this mental disorder, although …

Ketamine was introduced into clinical practice in the 1960s and continues to be both
clinically useful and scientifically fascinating. With considerably diverse molecular targets …

There is an epidemic of opioid use, abuse, and misuse in the United States, which results in
significant morbidity and mortality. It may be difficult to reduce perioperative opioid use given …

Opioid receptors are widely distributed throughout the brain and play an essential role in
modulating aspects of human mood, reward, and well-being. Accumulating evidence …

Efforts to develop efficacious antidepressant agents with novel mechanisms have been
largely unsuccessful since the 1950's until the discovery of ketamine, an N-methyl-d …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Despite the
many hypotheses proposed to understand the molecular pathophysiology of depression, it is …