Immune responses to polysaccharide antigens are thymus-independent (TI). Conversion of
a polysaccharide antigen to a thymus-dependent (TD) antigen by covalent coupling to an …

Carbohydrates in the form of capsular polysaccharides and/or lipopolysaccharides are the
major components on the surface of bacteria. These molecules are important virulence …

The insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), a docking protein for both the type 1 insulin-like
growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and the insulin receptor, is known to send a mitogenic, anti …

The increasing threat to the human population posed by new or resurgent infectious
diseases, coupled with an alarming rise in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant microbes, has …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of capsular polysaccharides as human
vaccines. Vaccination has proved to be one of the most useful scientific developments in the …

Antibodies directed against the capsular polysaccharides (Ps) of encapsulated pathogenic
bacteria can protect the host against infection with such organisms. The immune response to …

It is an honor for me and my colleagues to participate in this colloquium acknowledging the
scientific accomplishments and the special contribution of Professor Michael Heideiberger to …

Pathogenesis of infectious disease is not only determined by the virulence of the microbe
but also by the immune status of the host. Vaccination is the most effective means to control …

N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide) and certain derivatives that
are structural analogs of part of the bacterial peptidoglycan monomer have been shown to …

Efforts to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b (HIB) infections in infancy have been
hampered by the low immunogenicity of capsular polysaccharide vaccines in children …