Disease and accompanying inflammation are uncommon outcomes of viral infection in
humans. Clinical inflammation occurs if steady-state cell-intrinsic and leukocytic immunity to …

The immense interindividual clinical variability during any infection is a long-standing
enigma. Inborn errors of IFN-γ and IFN-α/β immunity underlying rare infections with weakly …

The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called “zoonotic spillover”.
Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally …

Humans differ in the outcome that follows exposure to life-threatening pathogens, yet the
extent of population differences in immune responses and their genetic and evolutionary …

T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of
immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH) cells are the specialized providers of …

The human immune system is a distributed system of specialized cell populations with
unique functions that collectively give rise to immune responses to infections and during …

Autosomal recessive IRF7 and IRF9 deficiencies impair type I and III IFN immunity and
underlie severe influenza pneumonitis. We report three unrelated children with influenza A …

ISG15 is an interferon (IFN)-α/β–inducible, ubiquitin-like intracellular protein. Its conjugation
to various proteins (ISGylation) contributes to antiviral immunity in mice. Here, we describe …

Background The narrow host range of Mycobacterium leprae and the fact that it is refractory
to growth in culture has limited research on and the biologic understanding of leprosy. Host …

The expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) by immune and tissue cells provides
the host with the ability to detect and respond to infection by viruses and other …