Oxidative stress, a term that describes the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants,
leads to the disruption of redox signals and causes molecular damage. Increased oxidative …

Simple Summary Growth factors are hormone-like molecules able to promote division and
migration of normal cells, but cancer captured the underlying mechanisms to unleash tumor …

Abstract Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
signaling is one of the most important intracellular pathways, which can be considered as a …

Cellular metabolism is at the foundation of all biological activities. The catabolic processes
that support cellular bioenergetics and survival have been well studied. By contrast, how …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive fibrotic interstitial pneumonia
with unknown causes. The incidence rate increases year by year and the prognosis is poor …

The traditional classification of lung cancer into small cell lung cancer and non‐small cell
lung cancer (NSCLC) has been transformed with the increased understanding of the …

The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a crucial role in
regulation of cell survival, metabolism, growth and protein synthesis in response to upstream …

Cancer progression results from activation of various signaling networks. Among these,
PI3K/Akt signaling contributes to proliferation, invasion, and inhibition of apoptosis …

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is stimulated by diverse oncogenes and growth
factor receptors, and elevated PI3K signaling is considered a hallmark of cancer. Many PI3K …

Heart failure (HF) is considered as a severe health problem worldwide, while cardiac fibrosis
is one of the main driving factors for the progress of HF. Cardiac fibrosis was characterized …