Targeting checkpoints of immune cell activation has been demonstrated to be the most
effective approach for activation of anti-tumor immune responses. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte …

Cytokines are major regulators of innate and adaptive immunity that enable cells of the
immune system to communicate over short distances. Cytokine therapy to activate the …

Checkpoint receptor blockers, known to act by blocking the pathways that inhibit immune
cell activation and stimulate immune responses against tumor cells, have been immensely …

Summary PD-L1 and PD-L2 constitute an important antitumor immune response. In breast
cancer, their prognostic value is still to be defined. In this study, we investigate the …

Nanoparticles with multifunctionality are being designed and formulated to overcome
various limitations of drugs as well as conventional drug delivery systems. Engineered …

Immune checkpoint blockers have dramatically improved the chances of survival in patients
with metastatic cancer, but only a subset of the patients respond to treatment. Search for …

Background Interleukin-2 (IL-2) plays a pivotal role in immune homeostasis due to its ability
to stimulate numerous lymphocyte subsets including natural killer (NK) cells, effector CD4+ …

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the field of cancer immunotherapy.
Even though it has shown a durable response in some solid tumors, several patients do not …

Melanomas are malignant neoplasms originating from melanocytes. They occur in most
animal species, but the dog is considered the best animal model for the disease …

Background: Recent phase III clinical trials have established the superiority of the anti-PD-1
antibodies pembrolizumab and nivolumab over the anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab in the …