Background The use of opioids in the long‐term management of chronic low‐back pain
(CLBP) has increased dramatically. Despite this trend, the benefits and risks of these …

Background Opioid misuse can complicate chronic pain management, and the non-medical
use of opioids is a growing public health problem. The incidence and risk factors for opioid …

Opioids have proven very useful for treatment of acute pain and cancer pain, and in the
developed countries opioids are increasingly used for treatment of chronic non-malignant …

Background: Opioid abuse has continued to increase at an alarming rate since our last
opioid guidelines were published in 2005. Available evidence suggests a continued wide …

Opioid therapy for chronic pain has been popularized over the past few decades, and a
concern has arisen that the analgesic efficacy of opioids is not always maintained over …

Background: Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) provide less than satisfactory pain relief for
postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and the role of opioids is controversial. Objective: To compare …

A previous meta-analysis of clinical analgesic trial studies showed generally low
magnitudes of placebo analgesia (N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (2001) 1594). However, as studies …

Objective Although opioid analgesics are used in the management of neuropathic pain
syndromes, evidence of their efficacy remains to be established. We evaluated the clinical …

Background Although opioids are commonly used to treat chronic neuropathic pain, there
are limited data to guide their use. Few controlled trials have been performed, and many …

Background This is the third updated version of a Cochrane review first published in Issue 4,
2003 of The Cochrane Library and first updated in 2007. Morphine has been used for many …