Endothelium plays a fundamental role in the cardiovascular system, forming an interface
between blood and adjacent tissues by regulating the vascular tone through the synthesis of …

The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by
releasing vasodilator substances. The best‐characterized endothelium‐derived relaxing …

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) implicate the PHACTR1 locus (6p24) in risk for
five vascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, migraine headache, cervical …

The endothelins comprise three structurally similar 21-amino acid peptides. Endothelin-1
and-2 activate two G-protein coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, with equal affinity, whereas …

Since the first identification of renin by Tigerstedt and Bergmann in 1898, the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) has been extensively studied. The current view of the system is …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint disease characterized by subchondral bone perfusion
abnormalities and neovascular invasion into the synovium and articular cartilage. In addition …

Endothelial cells synthesize and release various factors that regulate angiogenesis,
inflammatory responses, hemostasis, as well as vascular tone and permeability. Endothelial …

The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the
blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in …

Angiotensin (Ang) II, the main effector of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), is one of the
major mediators of vascular remodeling in hypertension. Besides being a potent vasoactive …

The occurrence of atherosclerosis and diabetes is expanding rapidly worldwide. These two
metabolic disorders often co-occur, and are part of what is often referred to as the metabolic …