The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of post-mitotic polarized epithelial cells,
strategically situated between the photoreceptors and the choroid, is the primary caretaker of …

The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2,
glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of …

T cell exhaustion presents one of the major hurdles to cancer immunotherapy. Among
exhausted CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the terminally exhausted subset contributes …

The metabolic rewiring of cardiomyocytes is a widely accepted hallmark of heart failure (HF).
These metabolic changes include a decrease in mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation and an …

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the western
world. Recent evidence suggests that RPE and photoreceptors have an interconnected …

Although metabolic adaptations have been demonstrated to be essential for tumor cell
proliferation, the metabolic underpinnings of tumor initiation are poorly understood. We …

Axons in the mature central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate after axotomy, partly
due to the inhibitory environment constituted by reactive glial cells producing astrocytic …

Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, plays a major role in cell metabolism. Produced in
the cytosol, it is oxidized in the mitochondria where it fuels the citric acid cycle and boosts …

Glutathione (GSH) is present ubiquitously, and its role as a crucial cellular antioxidant in
tissues, including the retina, is well established. GSH's antioxidant function arises from its …

Pyruvate metabolism, a central nexus of carbon homeostasis, is an evolutionarily conserved
process and aberrant pyruvate metabolism is associated with and contributes to numerous …