Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical
regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower …

Review on three IL-4-related branch points for immune regulation: alternative splicing of IL-
4, differential receptor engagement, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by …

Humans are infected with a variety of acute and chronic pathogens over the course of their
lives, and pathogen-driven selection has shaped the immune system of humans. The same …

The concept of immunological memory stipulates that past exposures shape present
immune function. These exposures include not only specific antigens impacting adaptive …

Helminth parasites are of considerable medical and economic importance. Studies of the
immune response against helminths are of great interest in understanding interactions …

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) form one of the most important groups of infectious agents
and are the cause of serious global health problems. The most important STHs are …

Helminths in pigs have generally received little attention from veterinary parasitologists,
despite Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, and Oesophagostomum sp. being common worldwide …

Similar T helper (Th) 2-type immune responses are generated against different helminth
parasites, but the mechanisms that initiate Th2 immunity, and the specific immune …

Helminth parasites infect more than a quarter of the human population and inflict significant
changes to the immunological status of their hosts. Here, we analyze the impact of helminth …

The intestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri exerts widespread
immunomodulatory effects on both the innate and adaptive immune system of the host …