Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a nontoxic biological molecule produced in a
pineal gland of animals and different tissues of plants. It is an important secondary …

Although nanomaterials (NMs) may inhibit viral pathogens, the mechanisms governing plant–
virus–nanomaterial interactions remain unknown. Nicotiana benthamiana plants were …

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) are plant hormones that typically act
antagonistically in dicotyledonous plants and SA and JA signaling is often manipulated by …

Microorganisms associated with roots are thought to be part of the so-called extended plant
phenotypes with roles in the acquisition of nutrients, production of growth hormones, and …

In natural or agricultural environments, plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of
biotic and abiotic stresses. Given the forecasted global climate changes, plants will cope …

Background Among the environmental limitations that affect plant growth, viruses cause
major crop losses worldwide and represent serious threats to food security. Significant …

Phytohormones mediate plant development and responses to stresses caused by biotic
agents or abiotic factors. The functions of phytohormones in responses to viral infection have …

In plants, the chloroplast is the organelle that conducts photosynthesis. It has been known
that chloroplast is involved in virus infection of plants for approximate 70 years. Recently, the …

Salicylic acid (SA) is an active secondary metabolite that occurs in bacteria, fungi, and
plants. SA and its derivatives (collectively called salicylates) are synthesized from …