Nearly half a century has passed since the discovery of cytoplasmic inheritance of human
chloramphenicol resistance. The inheritance was then revealed to take place maternally by …

The tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine (KYN) metabolic pathway is a main player of TRP
metabolism through which more than 95% of TRP is catabolized. The pathway is activated …

Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced
transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for …

Background Recent research on the implications of gut microbiota on brain functions has
helped to gather important information on the relationship between them. Pathogenesis of …

A substantial body of evidence f rom lesion, pharmacological, and neurophysiological
studies supports the notion that the amygdala plays a central role in regulating fear learning …

Learning to recognize and respond to potential threats is crucial for survival. Pavlovian
threat conditioning represents a key paradigm for investigating the neurobiological …

Following introduction of the monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor selegiline for the treatment
of Parkinson's disease (PD), discovery of the action mechanism of Alzheimer's disease …

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous tryptophan (Trp) metabolite known to possess
neuroprotective property. KYNA plays critical roles in nociception, neurodegeneration, and …

Neurodegenerative disorders are chronic and life-threatening conditions negatively affecting
the quality of patients' lives. They often have a genetic background, but oxidative stress and …

Neurodegenerative diseases are multifactorial, initiated by a series of the causative complex
which develops into a certain clinical picture. The pathogenesis and disease course vary …