The goal of this review is to place the exciting advances that have occurred in our
understanding of the molecular biology of the types 1, 2, and 3 (D1, D2, and D3 …

G ENERALLY, the purpose of assessing thyroid function in a given patient is to determine
his metabolic status. In patients with systemic nonthyroidal illness, as well as in those …

Background: Hypothyroidism has multiple etiologies and manifestations. Appropriate
treatment requires an accurate diagnosis and is influenced by coexisting medical conditions …

THE TERM euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS) identifies abnormalities in thyroid function tests
observed in patients with systemic nonthyroidal illnesses (NTIs) and those undergoing …

A randomized prospective study was done to assess the response of hypothyroxinemic
patients with severe nonthyroidal illnesses to T4 therapy. Patients admitted to a medical …

Introduction and Methods: Critical illness is associated with reduced TSH and thyroid
hormone secretion, and with changes in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism, resulting in …

To determine the prevalence and significance of abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism in
congestive heart failure, free thyroxine (T 4) index, free triiodothyronine (T 3) index, reverse …

The metabolic support of the critically ill patient is a relatively new target of active research
and little is as yet known about the effects of critical illness on metabolism. The nonthyroidal …

Most patients with advanced congestive heart failure have altered thyroid hormone
metabolism. A low triiodothyronine level is associated with impaired hemodynamics and is …

Abnormalities of thyroid hormone concentrations are seen commonly in a wide variety of
nonthyroidal illnesses, resulting in low triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and thyroid …