Abstract Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, Cbl) is a nutrient essential to human health. Due to its
complex structure and dual cofactor forms, Cbl undergoes a complicated series of …

Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is generated during methionine
metabolism. Physiologic Hcy levels are determined primarily by dietary intake and vitamin …

In the last 10 years, homocysteine has been regarded as a marker of cardiovascular disease
and a definite risk factor for many other diseases. Homocysteine is biosynthesized from …

Background Remethylation defects are rare inherited disorders in which impaired
remethylation of homocysteine to methionine leads to accumulation of homocysteine and …

This overview addresses homocysteine and folate metabolism. Its functions and complexity
are described, leading to explanations why disturbed homocysteine and folate metabolism …

Folate being an important vitamin of B Complex group in our diet plays an important role not
only in the synthesis of DNA but also in the maintenance of methylation reactions in the …

Metabolism of excess methionine (Met) to homocysteine (Hcy) by transmethylation is
facilitated by the expression of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) I/III and glycine N …

This paper reviews the chemistry, metabolism, and molecular biology of folic acid, with a
particular emphasis on how it is, or may be, involved in many disease processes. Folic acid …

NADPH oxidases of the Nox family exist in various supergroups of eukaryotes but not in
prokaryotes, and play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes, such as host defense …

The biosynthesis of B 12, involving up to 30 different enzyme-mediated steps, only occurs in
bacteria. Thus, most eukaryotes require an external source of B 12, and yet the vitamin …