Chronic kidney disease (CKD) will become the fifth global cause of death by 2040, thus
emphasizing the need to better understand the molecular mechanisms of damage and …

The pleiotropic function of 3′, 5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent
pathways in health and disease led to the development of pharmacological …

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic enzymes which participate in transcriptional
repression and chromatin condensation mechanisms by removing the acetyl moiety from …

The thymus is a critical immune organ with endocrine and immune functions that plays
important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of the body. However, with …

Background Renal fibrosis is a common pathological process of chronic kidney diseases
induced by multiple factors. Hypoxic pretreatment of mesenchymal stem cells can enhance …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), also recognized as diabetic kidney disease, is a kidney
malfunction caused by diabetes mellitus. A possible contributing factor to the onset of DN is …

Metabolic dysfunction plays a key role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN).
However, the exact effects and mechanisms are still unclear. The pyrin domain‐containing …

Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a uremic toxin, causes chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression via
renal fibrosis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial feature of renal fibrosis …

Renal fibrosis is a hallmark and common outcome of various chronic kidney diseases
(CKDs) and manifests pathologically as accumulation and deposition of extracellular matrix …

Sodium–glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new class of anti-diabetic drugs that
have beneficial cardiovascular and renal effects. These drugs decrease proximal tubular …