Sex is a biological concept determined at conception. Gender is a social concept. Medicine
recognises sex as a biological variable and recommends including sex as a factor in clinical …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic has
provoked major stresses on the health‐care systems of several countries, and caused the …

Sex differences in the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system have been widely
reported. These intrinsic sex differences have also been shown to modulate the …

Inflammation is a characteristic marker in numerous lung disorders. Several immune cells,
such as macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, as well as T and B lymphocytes …

Sex-based disparities have been identified in respiratory physiology, and in many chronic
lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis …

Rationale: The relevance of hormones in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a
predominantly male lung disease, is unknown. Objectives: To determine whether the ER …

A multitude of evidence has suggested the differential incidence, prevalence and severity of
asthma between males and females. A compilation of recent literature recognized sex …

One of the side effects of oral antiaging retinoids is increased hair shedding. Retinoids
promote the expression of TGF‐β2 from fibroblasts, which stimulate collagen expression but …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is age-related interstitial lung disease of unknown
etiology. About 100,000 people in the US have IPF, with a 3-year median life expectancy …

Endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a key step during lung fibrosis. Studies
have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) may act as therapeutic …