An appreciation of the scale and frequency of climatic oscillations in the past few million
years is modifying our views on how evolution proceeds. Such major events caused …

▪ Abstract About 20 years ago, DNA sequences were separately described from the quagga
(a type of zebra) and an ancient Egyptian individual. What made these DNA sequences …

The glacial episodes of the Quaternary (2.6 million years ago–present) were a major factor
in shaping the present-day distributions of extant flora and fauna, with expansions and …

Glacial cycles have played a dominant role in shaping the genetic structure and distribution
of biota in northwestern North America. The two major ice age refugia of Beringia and the …

DNA that has been recovered from archaeological and palaeontological remains makes it
possible to go back in time and study the genetic relationships of extinct organisms to their …

The origins and development of the study of speciation, hybrid zones and phylogeography
are outlined using evolutionary iconography. This traces the ideas in this field from Lamarck …

Given the explosive development of new molecular marker techniques over the last decade,
newcomers and experts alike in the field of DNA fingerprinting will find an easy-to-follow …

Molecular sequences obtained at different sampling times from populations of rapidly
evolving pathogens and from ancient subfossil and fossil sources are increasingly available …

Between fifty and ten thousand years ago, most large mammals became extinct everywhere
except Africa. Slow-breeding animals also were hard hit, regardless of size. This unusual …

In the past two decades, ancient DNA research has progressed from the retrieval of small
fragments of mitochondrial DNA from a few late Holocene specimens, to large-scale studies …