Opioid use kills tens of thousands of Americans each year, devastates families and entire
communities, and cripples the health care system. Exposure to opioids causes long-term …

Extinction is a form of inhibitory learning that suppresses a previously conditioned response.
Both fear and drug seeking are conditioned responses that can lead to maladaptive …

The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in shaping cognition and behavior. Many
studies have shown that medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in seeking …

BACKGROUND: Although heavy smoking has been associated with impulsivity in humans, it
is not clear whether poor impulse control represents a risk factor in the etiology of nicotine …

In humans, exposure to contexts previously associated with heroin use can provoke relapse.
In rats, exposure to heroin-paired contexts after extinction of drug-reinforced responding in …

This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Lifetime relapse rates remain a major obstacle in addressing the current opioid crisis.
Relapse to opioid use can be modeled in rodent studies where drug self-administration is …

The capacity to remember our past experiences and organize our future draws on a number
of cognitive processes that allow our brain to form and store neural representations that can …

Development of pharmacotherapy to reduce relapse rates is one of the biggest challenges
in drug addiction research. The enduring nature of relapse suggests that it is maintained by …

Associative learning processes have an important role in the initiation and persistence of
heroin-seeking. Here we show in a rat self-administration model that reexposure to cues …